top of page
Search

The Neuroscience of Resilience

  • Writer: Patricia Faust
    Patricia Faust
  • Nov 3, 2019
  • 5 min read

It is not the strongest of the species that survived, nor the most intelligent that survives.

It is the one that is most adaptable to change.

Charles Darwin


There comes a time in most people’s lives that their feet are knocked out from under them. The lives they were living are not the same – and might not ever return to their status quo. An example is the great recession of 2008. The collapse of the housing market, economic structures, job losses and cutbacks, the list could go on, destroyed many personal lives around our country. This was an especially dark time for many of us. There were sad stories reported, as well as enlightening stories. My question at the time was – how do some people recover and come out better than ever, while other people never really recovered at all?


In investigating how the brain plays a role in bouncing back/resilience I discovered that brain determines how we react to challenging circumstances and guides us in recovery. The prefrontal cortex is the integrative structure of the brain for supporting resilience. Neuropsychologists consider the prefrontal cortex to be an “evolutionary masterpiece”. Dr. Dan Siegel has developed the nine functions of the prefrontal cortex. Linda Graham, MFT has designed reflections about resilience based on these nine functions of the prefrontal cortex. In all of the research that I did for this blog, I found this to be the clearest explanation of resilience. I will summarize how the prefrontal cortex assimilates and mediates stress response and eventual recovery or resilience.


Dr. Dan Siegel’s model demonstrates how the PFC (prefrontal cortex) accomplishes regulation:

1. Regulating of the autonomic nervous system – staying calm and engaged

2. Quelling the fear response

3. Regulate emotions – resilience is not blocked by fear or shame

4. Attunement – the felt sense of another’s experience, someone else ‘getting’ ours

5. Empathy – You know what I want, and I know that you know

6. Response flexibility – pause, options, evaluate options, appropriate decision

7. Insight – self awareness

8. Intuition – the “gut” feeling

9. Morality

(Linda Graham, MFT, 2010)


Autonomic Nervous System

This is the part of the nervous system responsible for all automatic functions without conscious thought, such as, breathing, regulating heart rate, and digestive processes. The ANS is basic to resilience because it keeps us in a ‘window of tolerance’. This is the zone where our nervous system is relaxed, calm, alert, and engaged. This is where we feel balanced and centered. We can cope.

When we are challenged or threatened the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (SNS) kicks into gear and we unconsciously organize to meet the new situation, challenge, or threat. When we are regulated by the social engagement system of the prefrontal cortex, we turn to people near us to help with regulation, or we turn to memories of people. These actions give a sense that everything is going to be okay. Our connection to others keeps us within the window of tolerance and we can go forward without fear. When circumstances overwhelm our social engagement system – we escalate into alarm, agitation, anxiety, and panic. When this happens we need to calm the fear and reconnect with our support system.


We have to look at the amygdala because it is our 24/7 alarm system. When it perceives threat or danger it activates the SNS to initiate the stress response. When we don’t have social support we go into fight-or-flight mode. This can push us into learned coping responses like submission, confusion, passivity, or isolation – in essence, shutting us down in order to be safe. Of course our brain/body has an antidote to this. When we feel safe, warm, loved or cherished we release Oxytocin, the neurochemical of safety and trust and the antidote to cortisol, the stress hormone. Oxytocin is the neurochemical foundation of lifelong resilience.


Quelling the Fear Response

This all comes back to the prefrontal cortex. The PFC has the ability to bring about calm through the release of oxytocin. When someone feels safe through their connections to others they are primed to be less reactive to stress – a fundamental feature of resilience. Research has discovered that the PFC grows neuronal fibers down to the amygdala. These fibers carry GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) neurotransmitter which inhibits the amygdala.


Regulating Emotions

The next function of the PFC is to regulate emotions. Emotions in this context are waves of body sensations that signal us to be on alert. Every emotion has a physiological marker:

Angry – we contract, tense up, ready to fight

Afraid – we stop, scan, ready to flee

Sadness and Grief – we feel waves of emotions building up, we fold in, action is to pull for comfort and support

Ashamed – we feel an inner drop, we collapse, withdraw, disconnect


The PFC allows us to consciously feel, recognize and hold the waves of emotion as they roll through our body. The key to resilience is to stay balanced, regulated. We allow our emotions to flow through us then. One way to process this is to feel the emotion fully, and then allow a positive emotion like gratitude, kindness or compassion to be present at the same time. When we feel the positive emotion strongly enough, the two emotions will begin to pair together, fire together and wire together. The positive emotion will actually rewire the negative emotion.


Attunement

When a caregiver (parent) has the capacity to regulate their ANS, tamp down the fear response and regulate their own emotions, they have a direct impact in developing these capacities in growing children.


Empathy

“Neuropsychologists see empathy as the integration of body-based information, emotional signals, and cognitive thought and beliefs about another’s experience, making sense, making meaning, creating understanding, and then checking out the accuracy of the understanding through a verbal feedback loop.” (Linda Graham, 2010) Brains develop interacting with other brains, and it is the PFC that allows us to learn how to live resiliently from people close to us.


Response Flexibility

This is the process of resilience: the capacity to stop, hold the experience, regulate body arousal and emotional waves, step back, think, reflect, and evaluate (NICE). Graham states “to cope with change, we have to be able to change how we cope”. The more flexible someone can be in their thinking; the more options they are able to perceive.


Insight

It is the PFC that creates the narrative of our life – making sense and meaning of what has happened to us throughout our life and making it whole; “here’s what happened; here’s what I did or didn’t do; here’s how well that worked, or not; here’s what I’ve learned; here’s what I would do differently now and here’s how I’m different now”. (Graham, 2010)


Intuition

Through the PFC, an individual sensing their own core values knows on a deep level what’s right for them or not. Intuition is a deep and profound knowing, beneath the conscious level, of what makes the most sense. The PFC combines the ‘felt’ knowing with the conscious knowing and allows our intuition to guide the choices.


Morality

In this context, morality is not about what is right or wrong. This last function of the PFC is based on empathy and understanding the connectedness of all beings. In this vein of thought we make choices not just for personal survival (which the amygdala does full-time) but for the common good. Being immersed in the common good through giving and receiving, we can be much more connected and much more resilient.


Suffering alone cannot break the human spirit. Human sorrow is not a pathology; it is a poignant inheritance we share with all the family of the earth. In the face of whatever loss, illness, or harm we are given, we remain people of great courage, wisdom and healing.

Wayne Muller


Reference:

Graham, L. (June 2010) The neuroscience of resilience. The Wise Brain Bulletin vol.4(6). Retrieved July 18, 2016 from http://www.lindagraham-mft.net/pdf/WiseBrainBulletin-4-6.pdf

 
 
 

Comments


images.jpg

March was an unusual month for me.  Normally I work on articles, give presentations and generally just stay tuned to what is going on in the field of aging.  This month I “learned” a lot.  Last year I learned how to write a book.  At the time I took the course I thought it would just be a natural extension of all the writing I had done over the years.  WRONG!!  The actual writing of the book was the easy part.  Putting it together into a book was difficult for me.  The course gave me step by step lessons on constructing a book.  Then editing and formatting were just as challenging.  On June 7 last year the book was published!  It was one of the most satisfying days of my writing career. 

Naturally, when you self-publish, you do not have a publisher promoting the book and getting it in the right categories for best sales on Amazon.  That was crushing because I really didn’t know to appropriately market it.  I am a brain health person!  In December of last year, I purchased a marketing program that is based on statistics.  I am technical minded and so this approach made sense to me.  The course is almost completed.  Can’t wait to see if it improves sales!

The next step I am looking at is recording an audiobook.  This is another venture I knew nothing about.  But I am already tagged on Facebook for marketing of audio book programs.  Facebook picks up everything.  Now my husband was creative director for an advertising agency and when I told him I purchased another class – he couldn’t believe it.  “This was my business.  I know how to do recordings, why didn’t you ask me?” Well, I knew he was an expert in that business, but this audiobook needs to meet all the criteria that Amazon requires for publication.  So, he can take care of the recording part of this audiobook, and I will navigate the process of meeting Amazon’s requirements.  We worked on the book together like this. 

Then I talked with some coaching experts on the viability of starting group teaching programs.  Reading The Boomer Brain book and implementing the Brain Healthy Lifestyle have two entirely different outcomes.  This lifestyle is important to maintaining high cognitive function throughout the later years of our lives.  Look for updates as to when I will roll this program out.

My last learning endeavor was attending a two-day bootcamp for Speakers.  I am really excited about what I learned there.  That is a late this year or next year project, but it is one I am really looking forward to.

 

What Is Happening in April?

The American Society on Aging is having their annual conference in Orlando Florida April 21-24.  This is the largest multidisciplinary conference on aging and the annual conference for Members of ASA.  I have attended a number of these conferences throughout the years, and it is consequential.  Keynote speakers and special events are focused on combating ageism in our society.  Although this is a professional meeting, the attendees come from all aspects of aging services.  They have their work cut out for them this year!

April is Stress Awareness Month.  We should be aware of stress every month and understand how we can break the stress cycle.  These are stressful times, and we need to protect ourselves

Here is a positive one “April is National Volunteer Month”.  When I am working with new retirees who don’t know what to do, I talk to them about volunteering. It is important to have a purpose after you leave the workforce.  There are so many nonprofits who need help in all aspects of their organizations.  It is a perfect way to give back.

Finally – It was Opening Day for the Cincinnati Reds – the oldest major league team in the nation.  Cincinnati takes that responsibility seriously.  There is always an Opening Day Parade through downtown to the Ball Park.  Huge crowds line the streets and every year there is talk of making it an official holiday.  Schools and employers look the other way when there is an empty desk.  No matter what the outcome of the game is, there is so much joy, and you can feel that energy.  I am fortunate that I get to experience that.  We all need some joy right now. 

Enjoy your April.

bottom of page